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The
classical economists pioneered a new way of thinking
about the uniquely human tendency to produce, trade, consume,
and accumulate. Adam
Smith (1723-1790) explained how the division
of labor expands productive power and argued for freedom in
economic affairs; Smith attempted to explain the basis of value,
prices, the role of money, and other important concepts related
to prosperity and an improved standard of living for all members
of society.
David
Ricardo (1772-1823), a London stockbroker, developed the
concept of diminishing returns, the wages-fund doctrine, and
classical rent theory. Another classical theorist, Thomas
Malthus (1776-1834), proposed that workers are doomed to
subsistence wages, because populations increase geometrically
while food production increases arithmetically. Other classical
economists, including James Mill, John
Stuart Mill, and Nassau Senior, extended
and refined classical economics to meet new controversies and
ideas throughout the nineteenth century.
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